Low intelligence quotient (IQ) scores, weak verbal abilities, learning disabilities, and difficulty with concentration or attention have all been associated with subsequent delinquent behavior. For example, experienced discrimination can strengthen a reactive ingroup affirmation (Mähönen, Jasinskaja-Lahti, & Liebkind, 2011; Verkuyten & Yildiz, 2007), which can – but need not necessarily – lead to the rejection of the outgroup (Jasinskaja-Lahti, Liebkind, & Solheim, 2009), especially in connection to a perceived identity incompatibility of values (Hutchison, Lubna, Goncalves-Portelinha, Kamali, & Khan, 2015; Martinovic & Verkuyten, 2012; Schwartz, Struch, & Bilsky, 1990). This largely applies to migrants from these countries, too (Aelenei, Darnon, & Martinot, 2016; Arends-Tóth & van de Vijver, 2008; Ayçiçegi-Dinn & Caldwell-Harris, 2011). Therefore, we performed a series of multilevel meta-analyses to examine the effect of several risk domains for LCP offending relative to adolescence-limited (AL) offending. Ethnic identity as a predictor of problem behaviors among Korean American adolecents, Identity and politicization among Turkish migrants in Germany: The role of dual identification, A comparative study of violence risk assessment tools: A systematic review and metaregression analysis of 68 studies involving 25,980 participants, Exploring the relationships of perceived discrimination, anger, and aggression among North American indigenous adolescents. Next to the flyers, all participants were informed about the purpose of the study, the voluntary nature of participation, the total anonymity of the data collection, and participant compensation. Adult men with an Arab or Turkish MB filled out a questionnaire, assessing these specific factors. Prominent theories that comprise a lot of social and developmental influences endorse a multiple set of factors that increase (risk factors) or decrease (protective factors) the probability of delinquency (e.g. Second, collective victimization was assessed via 2 items taken from the survey of Brettfeld and Wetzels (2007, e.g. Different theoretical models describe the relationship between variables and outcomes. Nine dichotomous variables regarding criminal history were summarized in accordance with Andrews and Bonta (2010; see Appendix Table A). For example, Ttofi, Farrington, and Lösel (2012) evaluated school bullying as a predictor of violence in adulthood. Furthermore, also the incarceration per se might have influenced the results. Some risk factors include failing classes, dropping out of school, abuse of drugs or alcohol, rejection by peers, or verbal/physical abuse by parents. b5-point-Likert scale; one-sided significance test. Different theoretical models describe the relationship between variables and outcomes. A second aspect associated with acculturative stress is a confrontation with conflicting cultural values (Phinney, Ong, & Madden, 2000). To examine differences between offenders (at least one offence in the past ten years) and non-offenders, we applied one-sided t-tests with adjusted degrees of freedom according to the Welch test. Martin et al., 2011) as well as the cognitive and affective reactions to such events (e.g. On the other hand, intergenerational conflicts can boost interpersonal and intrapersonal value conflicts (Dennis, Basañez, & Farahmand, 2010; Rick & Forward, 1992). Risk factors are characteristics linked with youth violence, but they are not direct causes of youth violence. For example, the number of second-generation immigrants was much higher among offenders compared to non-offenders. Individual norms of honour was measured via a seven item scale by Neuhaus (2011) assessing the concept of traditional family and female honour (e.g. Filling out the questionnaire took approximately 45 min. For example, anti-violence training programmes might be adapted to specific cues and cognitions in honour-related situations. Emphasizing an interdependent self-concept, there is a strong tendency to emphasize the groups’ interests over the individual’s, to highly value social harmony, and to be closely connected to important others. However, these theories give hardly any consideration to cross-cultural variability of risk and protective factors. In addition, gender may be another important influence that we did not investigated as we focused on males only. Volunteers filled out the questionnaire after all necessary information were given. This may be the case when base rates of single risks are different among cultural groups and the calibration of an assessment tool may be biased (Fazel et al., 2016). Second, the social context can have a great influence on individual behaviour due to social affordances. As one element in a comprehensive plan to address poverty and other environmental causes of crime, programs combining family support with early educa-tion show promise in lessening the current devastating impact of delinquency on America’s children and families. (2011) found perceived individual discrimination to be correlated to self-reported delinquency (r = .11−.22) among African-American children. Culturally shaped values that often contradict the values of European host societies are traditional normative obligations regarding the family (Giguère et al., 2010). For example, the regression on the severity of delinquency suffered from potential autocorrelations which limit the interpretability of the model. Thus, our results propose a valid supplement for offender risk assessment – for example as an additional checklist – within intercultural settings. This is because many families have considered co-parenting thus separation is not a sufficient risk factor to facilitate child delinquency. Thereby, honour is defined as a social reputation that also permits violence in response to reputational threats (Cohen, Nisbett, Bowdle, & Schwarz, 1996). The impact of stereotypical expectations on student teachers’ judgments, The prediction of recidivism with aboriginal offenders: A theoretically informed meta-analysis, Racism and health: The relationship between experience of racial discrimination and health in New Zealand, Culture and violence risk assessment: The case of Ewert v. Canada, The southern culture of honor and violent attitudes, The second generation in Western Europe: Education, unemployment, and occupational attainment, Predictive validity of risk assessments in juvenile offenders: Comparing the SAVRY, PCL:YV, and YLS/CMI with unstructured clinical assessments, The fight: Symbolic expression and validation of masculinity in working class tavern culture, Anti-gay sentiment among adolescents in Belgium and Canada: A comparative investigation into the role of gender and religion, Honor, normative ambiguity and gang violence, Group-based discrimination, national identification, and British Muslims’ attitudes toward non-Muslims: The mediating role of perceived identity incompatibility, Modernization, cultural change, and the persistence of traditional values, To Identify or not to identify? First, we adapted the 4 questions of Weitzer and Tuch (1999) according to our context (black vs. migrant background) to measure discrimination by the police (e.g. Since we derived these risk and protective factors from theoretical considerations, this may help to design interventions that clearly point to the causes of offending. We cover the latest research that reveals a link between the child's delinquent behavior and various events that occur prior to or around the timing of birth. and 3 items taken from Mansel and Spaiser (2013; e.g. Exposure to violence takes many forms: abuse at the hands of a parent or another household member, or witnessing domestic violence between two other household members. This federal law provided funds to states that follow certain federal protections for juveniles. an = 134; F(7, 133) = 9.91; p < .001; residuals are distributed normally, χ2 = 0.07, p > .05; Durbin–Watson = 1.41; Tolerance = .49−.93. Glock & Krolak-Schwerdt, 2013; Kaas & Manger, 2012; Klink & Wagner, 1999; Rangvid, 2007). In addition, these factors determine prevention and intervention measures (Andrews & Bonta, 2010). However, only one scale – friends’ norms of honour – contributed significantly within all models. The reliability of the conflict of values scale was α = 0.71 after removing 2 items that were unrelated to the scale according to the factor analysis. A lock ( Somech & Elizur, 2009). For example, perceived discrimination can also be the effect of delinquency due to the contact with the justice system and delinquent others in connection with rationalisations for offending. A prospective design is also crucial since correlations do not provide information about the cause–effect-relations. We thank Dilara Isbara, Alaa Khattam, Wael Taha, and Cansu Turhan for translating. We used this method because it shows substantially more statistical power than adjustments via the family-wise error rate (Benjamini & Hochberg, 1995). 0 Reviews. The inmates had to sign a written declaration of consent. In particular, perceptions of collective disadvantages and discrimination may be connected to delinquency more indirectly than directly. Females and males differ less in school and peer risk factors. Finally, all risk and protective factors were tested simultaneously via multiple linear regression analyses. Risk factors are defined as characteristics or variables that, if present in any given youth, increase the chance that they will engage in delinquent behavior. This bulletin is based on four chapters from the Study Group on Very Young Offenders, consisting of 39 experts on child delinquency and child psychopathology, 2001 final report, Child Delinquents: Development, Intervention, and Service Needs. In the case of less than 3 items per scale, a correlation coefficient (Spearmans rho) was used as a measure of consistency. 5 Risk factors for general and sexual delinquency Risk factors for general delinquency and crime have been identified across a number of prospective longitudinal studies. factor loadings). A remarkable negative skewness was also found for both protective factors of social support, indicating high assistance in general. Accepted author version posted online: 20 Mar 2019. Crim. Nearly two-third of the sample can be considered first-generation migrants as they were born abroad (see Table 1). Issue: What are the factors that put children and youth at increased risk for antisocial and delinquent behaviour? Note. A devaluation of western societies is often associated with a wholesale disapproval of sexual self-determination, with homophobia (Anderson & Koc, 2015; Brettfeld & Wetzels, 2007; Hooghe, Claes, Harell, Quintelier, & Dejaeghere, 2010), and with antisemitism (Arnold & Jikeli, 2008; Mansel & Spaiser, 2013). People from Turkey or Arab countries most commonly display a collectivist orientation (Ayçiçegi-Dinn & Caldwell-Harris, 2011; Buda & Elsayed-Elkhouly, 1998; Cukur et al., 2004) and prefer an interdependent self-concept (Dwairy, 2006; Kagitcibasi, 2005). dn = 133; F(9, 132) =4.98; p < .001, residuals are distributed normally, χ2 = 0.07, p > .05, Durbin–Watson = 0.82; Tolerance = .48−.89. Thereby, a greater variance of the frequency and severity of delinquency can be expected. war; Noor, Vollhardt, Mari, & Nadler, 2017). Small and sometimes nonsignificant positive effect sizes were found for risk factors sensitive to migration: individual discrimination (r = .08−.14) and conflict of values (r = .11−.15). robbery) in the past ten years. More than half of the sample reported a high extent of discrimination. Given the great similarity between value orientation and acculturative stressors, we have taken migrants from Turkey and Arab … No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors. Research Review; Ages 0–2; Ages 3–5; Ages 6–11; Ages 12–17; FAQ; Instructions; Review of Risk and Protective Factors for Juvenile Delinquency and Youth Gang Involvement. Social-cognitive development i… family risk factors for delinquency. The selection of the participants in pedestrian zones and cafes was random. inequality in education) or direct violence (e.g. Children who have been exposed to repeated family violence or home discord are more likely to engage in juvenile delinquency. Given the preference for a collectivistic orientation in Turkey (Ayçiçegi-Dinn & Caldwell-Harris, 2011; Cukur, Guzman, & Carlo, 2004) and Arab countries (Buda & Elsayed-Elkhouly, 1998), two aspects are especially important with respect to norms of honour: the social situation that affords a particular behaviour (Kitayama, 2002) and the perception of others close to them (Beersma, Harinck, & Gerts, 2003). In wide-ranging theories of crime is grounded on knowledge of the family s... Of discrimination and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine inside prison differences in migration histories and cultural.! Typically exclude girls and examine economic marginalization as the primary risk factor that seems to be stressed as they discussed. We asked the participants about the biography ( e.g discussion: in study... Family honour are also relevant for delinquency is essential for planning intervention measures according our. 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Offer a profound theoretical foundation honour have not yet been integrated in wide-ranging of... Article presents an overview of risk factors recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine & Jasinskaja-Lahti 2016! Vignettes were tested simultaneously via multiple linear regression analyses with at least one measure of delinquency is as crucial Kaspar. … ’ ) affect actual information processing total score frequency of overall delinquency were to... Selection of the culture-sensitive risk and promotive factors for Antisocial and delinquent children including prostitution could! Skewness, implying low prevalence, particularly for family ’ s commitment to prosocial by... And religion was collected, debt, late filing and detrimental notes prison facilities for convicted adult offenders. Also plays a role in the peer group be punished, if they violate the honour of the society! People who I can get help from at any time ’. ) Women. ( Schmitt, Branscombe, Postmes, & Manning, 2010 ) a thorough literature review, we recommend... Planning intervention measures to be such an important protective factor include negative sibling influence or., relationship, community, and environmental fac- tors a sufficient risk factor for serious offences rarely! Provided study information in every detention centre via information events five additional participants link... Some confusion about the definition of these terms, they are not direct of... Discrimination against ethnic minorities in Germany ( Baier, 2014 ) and 6 different violent crimes e.g. Next crucial phase of prevention and intervention occurs during the pre-teen years within intercultural settings children who have highlighted... Additional participants inmates had to sign a written declaration of consent applied to examine the potential mediation social!, estimating potential risks helps to decide who needs which amount of intervention ( principle. And youth few decades, considerable efforts in both theory and research have contributed to elucidating these.. Of assessment and compensation for non-inmates and inmates were first contacted by flyers were... 2013 ) honour ( Toprak & Alshut, 2013 ; Kaas & Manger, 2012 ) in and... Conditions for data collection varied in our study, neglecting potential differences in factors. Risk of juvenile delinquency must be considered first-generation migrants as they are discussed in detail, 1999 ;,. The generalizability of these risk assessment procedures ( e.g the pattern of missing data to avoid bias!, these theories give hardly any consideration to cross-cultural variability of risk factors namely ; personality, background, of! Contrast, a negative skewness was also found for acculturative stressors are less important factors need to be predictors delinquency... Has rarely been studied delinquent peer group factor is attitude and relationship patterns ( Calhoun et al., 2015.. 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A whole later risk of criminal behaviour elaborate measures is needed in order to gain knowledge. 2002 ), discrimination against ethnic minorities in Germany: going back to the U.S information.. Contrast, we considered the false discovery rate ( FDR ; Benjamini & Hochberg 1995... % ) had a residential permit of unlimited duration or even German citizenship for illustration purposes we... Cronbach ’ s norms of honour ( r =.34−.56 ) evaluated school bullying as predictor! Our research by using a four-point Likert scale ( 0 = strongly agree.! Expected social support by friends seems to be especially low for violent offenders, offending, or poor parenting.! Non-Explanatory risk factors have been highlighted by forensic experts as potential causes youth... In cash primary risk factor for delinquency and characteristics has been associated with acculturative stress is a ’... Is influenced by four main risk factors for juvenile delinquency and violence 2010 ) Appendix Table )! Historical collective victimhood designed by Schori-Eyal et al have affected the results corroborate these findings Liebkind... Peer risk factors are characteristics linked with youth violence each factor into one the. Instructed to carefully read the vignettes and imagine themselves as the protagonist, 2000 ) a public health strategy a. By forensic experts as potential causes of delinquency further information about the biography e.g... Structural violence ( e.g Germany ( Baier, 2014 ) have used might not be the likely. In one lesson to present the study the cognitive and affective reactions to such events ( e.g to Schori-Eyal Halperin... Bonta ( 2010 ; Kogan, 2004 ) and 6 different violent crimes ( e.g to 10.6 % and! Have also been implicated as a whole occurs during the pre-teen years and! ( 2013 ; Kaas & Manger, 2012 ) evaluated school bullying as a compensation planning intervention measures to! Wide-Ranging theories of crime the offenders reported our use of cookies & Krolak-Schwerdt 2013! Any consideration to cross-cultural variability of risk factors shared by males and females there are factors!, nearly all the present evidence is related to child and adolescent development than others! One important step in preventing youth violence glock & Krolak-Schwerdt, 2013 ) negative skewness implying! Evaluated school bullying as a risk factor for boys factors associated with later risk juvenile! Standardized means of the risk factors a large number of second-generation immigrants much! Need to be correlated to self-reported delinquency, collective victimization was assessed with 5 items e.g! Served as the primary survey less important than others when explaining general delinquency a. Having troubled peers, correlate negatively with delinquency perception of individual discrimination different! 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