Publishing on IntechOpen allows authors to earn citations and find new collaborators, meaning more people see your work not only from your own field of study, but from other related fields too. In Melanin, the Master Molecule, researchers summarize several decades worth of knowledge on melanin and its physicochemical properties. Microorganisms are also more feasible sources of pigments in comparison to pigments extracted from plants and animals because they do not have seasonal constraints, do not compete for limited farming land with actual foods, and can be produced easily in the cheap culture medium with high yields [16]. Another study showed that systemic melanin-covered nanoparticle (MN) administration reduced hematologic toxicity in mice treated with radiation and that these structures provide efficient protection to bone marrow against radiotoxicity during radioimmunotherapy and in some cases external beam radiation therapy, permitting the administration to tumors of significantly higher doses [117]. 5 (2007): e457,https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0000457. This workis reproduced and distributedwith the permission of GreenMedInfo LLC. This book, is designed to familiarize the Black Human with Melanin and its importance to life, memory processes, ancient African history, sunlight, music, dancing, anti-aging, anti-cancer, religion, electromagnetism, and any other scientific and cultural parameters. In our studies, it was noted that no melanin pigment production takes place during stationary cultivation of hypermelanized mutant (MEL1) from A. nidulans, indicating that the formation of this pigment involves the oxidative polymerization of the precursors [50]. These authors also studied the culture of C. cladosporioides in different growth times and found that a culture grown for two days is not pigmented and has only 34% of Cd adsorption rate that obtained for pigmented biomass after 4 days of growth [155]. If L-dopa is the precursor molecule, it is oxidized to dopaquinone by laccase. Pseudomonas requires 3536C for its growth and pigment production, while in Monascus purpureus, maximum pigment production was observed at 30C with a reduction of the yield at 37C [48]. The melanin-silver nanostructures with broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against food pathogens also have potential applicability in food processing and food packaging industries [124]. Cracks in 100% nearly all topic of importance to you, like. Uploaded by Melanin, Radiation, and the Conversion of Light to Metabolic Energy. According to Dr Timothy Moore In humans, melanin is the primary determinant of skin and hair colour 9 (2008): 4396-402,https://doi.org/10.1529/biophysj.108.135756. Rate this book. Medical treatments using radiation such as external beam radiation therapy for cancer patients can damage bone marrow resulting in debilitating side effects. The A. auricula melanin displayed inhibitory activity on biofilm formation of the three bacterial strains, E. coli K-12, Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1, and P. fluorescens P-3, and there was a proportional reduction in biofilm biomass with the increase in pigment concentration. Vittorio Brena Back To Tokyo / Yesenia. WebIt is in the melanocytes that melanin is produced. All the mice were administered high levels of radiation, far surpassing the dose considered dangerous for humans. 5 Princes Gate Court, 18. Feb 19, 2023. Buy on Amazon. This turning pointfirst the hairlessness, then the expansion of the brainmay be directly traced back to melanin, exemplifying how paramount it is to our species resilience and survival. From trees to flowers to food to energy you will find this one extremely rare. $2 - Subscription Gets You Unlimited Access to ALL New Reel Nagas Videos and Content Before They're Uploaded to Youtube! Figure1 shows a general model for fungal dihydroxynaphthalene (DHN)-melanin biosynthesis. The chemical energy liberated via the dissociation and subsequent charge separation of the water molecule by melanin, in fact, has been estimated to meet over 90 percent of cellular energy needs.17, Research on the melanin-rich intraocular organ pecten in birds explains many phenomena that have eluded scientific explanation, including avian metabolism, bioenergetics, and flight mechanics, and gives us clues about our own bodies ability to use melanin for the purposes of energy. Mechanisms for UltrafastNonradiative Relaxation in Electronically Excited Eumelanin Constituents,Biophysics Journal95, no. About the author. This result shows that the increased biomass does not necessarily result in increased pigment production because pigments produced by fungi are secondary metabolites whose production usually occurs at the late growth phase (idiophase) of these microorganisms [61]. By supporting creators you love on Patreon, you're becoming an active participant in their creative process. Polymerization of exogenous substrates in this fungus occurs under the action of laccase [19]. In addition, these organisms can be genetically modified to increase productivity and quality of the produced pigments [37, 38]. Scientists have identified three forms of melanin in humans: eumelanin. The resolution to this energy paradox might be found in the discovery that melanin has the intrinsic ability to transform light energy into chemical energy through the hydrolysis of the water molecule, a function formerly consigned to the domain of the plant kingdom. It serves a wide range of additional physiological roles, including free radical scavenging, charge transfer, toxicant chelation, endocrine functions,16and gene protection. Various techniques, including electron paramagnetic resonance [75], X-ray diffraction [76], infrared, ultraviolet and visible spectroscopy [77], and nuclear magnetic resonance [78], have been used to elucidate the melanin structure from different organisms. $33.33. Sheng Meng and Efthimios Kaxiras. Development of methods for producing melanin soluble in aqueous cosmetic buffers at physiological pH and temperature may make possible the use of this pigment as ingredients of face and hand creams, lotions, antiaging ointments, or foundation makeups, acting as a screen and antioxidant for the protection against photoinduced skin damages [149]. As the molecule that is crucial in determining skin color, melanin has fundamentally shaped the way we humans perceive ethnic and racial differences and tribal affiliation. 2,799 views May 25, 2018 163 Dislike Share REEL NAGAS 28.5K subscribers Order Your Copy of the Great Book of Melanin Research Today!!! An ideal pigment-producing microorganism should be capable of using a wide range of C and N sources; must be tolerant to pH, temperature, and minerals concentration; and must give reasonable pigments yield. This pigment protects the conidia against digestion by proteases and hydrolases secreted by competitive microorganisms or against bactericidal and fungicidal proteins of animal origin, such as defensins, magainins, or protegrins [22]. The effect of melanin enhancing the survival of fungi under adverse conditions is mainly due to its function as an extracellular redox buffer, which can neutralize oxidants generated by the fungus in response to environmental stress [19]. A biosynthesis pathway for fungal DOPA-melanin, proposed by [11], is shown in Figure2, which strongly resembles the pathway found in mammalian cells, though some of the details may differ. In cosmetic industry, there are great interests in the melanin, especially to protect against the noxious effects of UV radiation by incorporation in skin photoprotection formulations [35, 148]. xanonymous 2,799 views May 25, 2018 163 Dislike Share REEL NAGAS 28.5K subscribers Order Your Copy of the Great Book of Melanin Research Today!!! In a recent study, our group characterized the pigment produced by A. nidulans mutants as DOPA-melanin according to the results obtained with specific inhibitors of DHN- and DOPA-melanin pathways [93]. Most significant, however, is the resulting necessity for the increased production of melanin, first as a sun protectant but secondarily as a means to endow humans with the ability to harness electromagnetic radiation for metabolic energy in a fashion similar to chlorophyll. Yes, you can easily cancel or upgrade your pledge at any time. As PhD students, we found it difficult to access the research we needed, so we decided to create a new Open Access publisher that levels the playing field for scientists across the world. WebMelanin: The Chemical Keys to Black Greatness (Vol. In order to compensate for the decreased availability of sunlight, the human body rapidly adjusted, potentially removing the natural sunscreen, melanin, from the skin since it interferes with the production ofvitamin D, a hormone that participates in governing the expression of more than 2,000 genes. WebThe book features nearly all unknown secrets. @DESIRE | You #Enslave or are-Enslaved. WebK12 School Digital and Curricular Classroom Materials - NGL It has been reported that the iron-melanin coating markedly enhances the catalytic activity of the gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) for both the hydrogen peroxide electroreduction and hydrogen evolution reaction [135]. In W. dermatitidis and A. alternata, melanin confers resistance to oxidants permanganate and hypochlorite, representing a key role in pathogenesis of infections caused by these fungi [30]. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) analyses showed that the three strains formed thick and compact biofilms when grown in the absence of pigment, but the presence of A. auricula melanin resulted in thinner and looser cell aggregations on surfaces instead of normal biofilm architecture. However, it is known that for the success of microbial fermentation processes, it is necessary to choose the correct productive culture strain and to determine the appropriate cultivation conditions [4, 8, 36]. UNITED KINGDOM, Sandra R. Pombeiro-Sponchiado, Gabriela S. Sousa, Jazmina C. R. Our studies demonstrated that melanin extracted from a highly melanized mutant (MEL1) of A. nidulans inhibited NO production in LPS-stimulated macrophages, with a maximum response of 82% inhibition, and also showed a dose-dependent inhibitory effect on TNF- production, reaching an inhibition of 51.86% at a melanin concentration of 100 g/mL. isolated from a wall surface, suggesting the application of these nanoparticles as effective paint additives. Melanin and its physicochemical properties: the Chemical Keys to Black Greatness ( Vol Journal95, no, like Keys! Of the produced pigments [ 37, 38 ] trees to flowers to food to Energy you find..., Biophysics Journal95, no Relaxation in Electronically Excited Eumelanin Constituents, Biophysics Journal95, no with! By laccase, it is oxidized to dopaquinone by laccase food packaging [... Worth of knowledge on melanin and its physicochemical properties food to Energy you find! 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