Intercalated discs consist of three types of cell-cell junctions, most of which are found in other tissues besides cardiac muscle: They allow the rapid passage of ions and small molecules from one cell to the next, resulting in uniform depolarization and contraction across these cardiac muscle cells. Endothelial Cells | Function of Endothelium Tissue. They also ensure the contractile force is transmitted from one cardiac muscle cell to another. All Rights Reserved. Epithelial tissue creates protective boundaries and is involved in the diffusion of ions and molecules. The three components of intercalated discs include: This picture shows intercalated discs between cardiac myocytes. -Stratified epithelia are present where protection from abrasion is important. The position of the nuclei and vascularity are also signs of muscle tissue. Basically, the depolarization of the sarcoplasm travels through the system of T tubules, all the way to the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Cardiac muscle tissue, also known as myocardium, is a structurally and functionally unique subtype of muscle tissue located in the heart, that actually has characteristics from both skeletal and muscle tissues. It beats an average of 60 - 100 per minute and pumps 6000 - 7500 liters (1500 - 2000 gallons) of blood a day. -lysosomes Copyright Innerbody Research 1997 - 2023. Gap junctions are important because they allow for electrical signals to pass between cardiomyocytes, allowing for synchronous communication and contraction. This website helped me pass! -Simple epithelia form impermeable barriers. -aids in digestion What are intercalated discs? With so many power plants at its disposal, the heart doesnt need to stop and chill out. They occur at the Z line of the sarcomere and can be visualized easily when observing a longitudinal section of the tissue. -False, A smooth muscle cell has a central nucleus but lacks striations. [1], All of these junctions work together as a single unit called the area composita. Researchers also discovered that the human heart is composed of around 2-3 billion cardiac muscle cells, also known as myocytes. Cardiac Muscle Tissue by OpenStaxCollege is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. -The clot is formed from dried blood and transposed collagen fibers. The table below offers a summary of the three structures within intercalated discs: This lesson discussed the structures that comprise intercalated discs between cardiac muscle fibers (myocytes). The contractility can be altered by the autonomic nervous system and hormones. In addition, it does not cause any medical problems for the affected individual. However, smooth and cardiac muscles tissues are not so obvious compared to well developed triceps or deltoids. 3. Although cardiac muscle cannot be consciously controlled, the pacemaker cells respond to signals from the autonomic nervous system (ANS) to speed up or slow down the heart rate. intercalated discs striations branched cells triads Striations Cardiac muscle has more mitochondria and depends less on a continual supply of oxygen than does skeletal muscle? Why are striations present in heart muscle? Both Cx43 gap junctions and voltage-gated sodium channels are present at intercalated discs. These two lines, together with the A band that corresponds to the length of the myosin filaments, are electron rich and appear darker in electron microscopy. In cardiac muscle, intercalated discs connecting cardiomyocytes to the syncytium, a multinucleated muscle cell, to support the rapid spread of action potentials and the synchronized contraction of the myocardium. Similar to skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle is striated and organized into sarcomeres, possessing the same banding organization as skeletal muscle ([link]). Because of this, fascia adherens are considered anchoring junctions. The fibers are crossed by linear bands called intercalated discs. Each cell has one to two nuclei and intercalated discs between adjacent cells. Intercalated discs are part of the cardiac muscle sarcolemma and they contain gap junctions and desmosomes. Intercalated discs support synchronized contraction of cardiac tissue. Intercalated discs are unique structural formations found between the myocardial cells of the heart. Cardiac muscle: intercalated discs allow heart to beat in . The myofilaments of cardiac muscle are arranged in a similar pattern to skeletal muscle, resulting in cross-striations. The net result of the strong connections and fast ion conduction is the contraction of cardiac muscle tissue like a single functional unit. The ends of each cardiac muscle cell form intercalated discs where they meet neighboring cardiac muscle cells. Alternating bundles of hypercontracted myocytes with hyperdistended ones. Why are intercalated discs not in skeletal muscles? -Simple epithelia are commonly found in areas of high abrasion. Intercalated discs or lines of Eberth are microscopic identifying features of cardiac muscle. Read . So for you to say that it is a cardiac muscle, one important feature that you must be able to identify is the presence of your intercalated disc if you can see the presence of intercalated disc, automatically, that is a cardiac muscle cell unique in cardiac muscles Figure 14. The I and H bands appear lighter and they represent regions which consist of only thin or thick filaments respectively, but not both. The fibers are crossed by linear bands called intercalated discs. - Uses, Facts & Properties, Absorption Spectroscopy: Definition & Types, What is Aerogel? The three types of cell junction recognised as making up an intercalated disc are desmosomes, fascia adherens junctions, and adherens junctions. Intercalated discs are part of the sarcolemma and contain two structures important in cardiac muscle contraction: gap junctions and desmosomes. They are vital in connecting and binding neighboring cells as well as in transmitting signals between these cells. It's a site that collects all the most frequently asked questions and answers, so you don't have to spend hours on searching anywhere else. All rights reserved. Question: Intercalated discs are found in which tissue? was diagnosed with Graves'disease 6 months ago and placed on methimazole (Tapazole) 15mg/15 \mathrm{mg} /15mg/ day. A review of the superficial anterior and posterior skeletal muscles can be found in Figures 9 and 9, respectively. The three types of cell junction recognised as making up an intercalated disc are desmosomes, fascia adherens junctions, and adherens junctions. Dermis Layers | What is Dermis? Which Teeth Are Normally Considered Anodontia? -Pseudostratified epithelia consist of at least two layers of cells stacked on top of one another. Which of the following is true about epithelia? [2] -smooth muscle The. All rights reserved. It is capable of strong, continuous, and rhythmic contractions that are automatically generated. d. Gap junctions are a type of cell junction within the intercalated discs. Unit 4 Test Study Guide Muscular System Types of Muscle Type of Muscle Skeletal Cardiac Smooth Shape of Cells Long. -True She has been a science content writer and copywriter for over three years now. They also allow small molecules and ions to pass between neighboring cardiac muscle cells, enabling nutrient exchange and swift conduction of action potentials between each cell membrane. Where is the nucleus found in a neuron? It is found in the subcutaneous layer of the integument. False Which of the following would increase heart rate? Because it can be controlled by thought, skeletal muscle is also called voluntary muscle. Scroll down to see your results.) Essentially, the contractile stimuli is propagated from one cell to the next one, resulting in a synchronous contraction of the entire tissue section. -simple cuboidal, A substance received or given off by your body will likely pass through which tissue type? Vital signs (VS) are 150/90, 124 irregular, 20,100.2F20,100.2^{\circ} \mathrm{F}20,100.2F (37.9 9C)\left.9^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\right)9C). Osteocytes Function, Location & Structure | What Are Osteocytes? Enrolling in a course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams. -stratified squamous -simple squamous The remainder of the intercalated disc is composed of desmosomes. Two connexons (composed of six individual connexin proteins) form a gap junctional channel. Each gap junction is made of six connexin proteins responsible for forming intercellular membranes or passages. . In turn, the released calcium ions bind to calcium sensitive channels in the sarcoplasmic reticulum, which results in a large and fast release of further calcium ions required for contraction. Why does your heart never tire of constantly? -simple cuboidal epithelium Papillary vs. Reticular, Pancreatic Acinar Cells | Structure & Function. EMMY NOMINATIONS 2022: Outstanding Limited Or Anthology Series, EMMY NOMINATIONS 2022: Outstanding Lead Actress In A Comedy Series, EMMY NOMINATIONS 2022: Outstanding Supporting Actor In A Comedy Series, EMMY NOMINATIONS 2022: Outstanding Lead Actress In A Limited Or Anthology Series Or Movie, EMMY NOMINATIONS 2022: Outstanding Lead Actor In A Limited Or Anthology Series Or Movie. Gap junctions in cardiac muscle cells are the channels or gaps present between neighboring cells. Cell junction. -False, Chapter 8 Vitamins, hormones and coenzymes, Anemia Classification by size and Hb Content, John David Jackson, Patricia Meglich, Robert Mathis, Sean Valentine, David N. Shier, Jackie L. Butler, Ricki Lewis. Hemoglobin(Hgb)Hematocrit(Hct)Erythrocytesedimentationrate(ESR)SodiumPotassiumChlorideBloodureanitrogen(BUN)CreatinineFreethyroxine(T+)Triiodothyronine(T3)11.8g/dL(118g/L)36%48mm/hr141mEq/L(141mmol/L)4.7mEq/L(4.7mmol/L)101mEq/L(101mmol/L)33mg/dL(11.78mmol/L)1.9mg/dL(168mcmol/L)14.0ng/dL(180pmol/L)230ng/dL(353nmol/L). -simple squamous Cardiac muscle differs from skeletal muscle in that it exhibits rhythmic contractions and is not . Skeletal Muscle Fiber Structure Each skeletal muscle fiber is a skeletal muscle cell. Renal Corpuscles Function & Overview | What is the Renal Corpuscle? Cheryl has taught veterinary and medical student for over 20 years and has a DVM and PhD degree in reproductive biology. -smooth muscle Desmosomes help to bind cardiac muscle cells together, but form smaller, tighter junctions compared to the fascia adherens. They are composed of thick and thin filaments. By contrast, skeletal muscle consists of multinucleated muscle fibers and exhibits no intercalated discs. It traps oxygen within muscle cells, allowing the cells to produce the energy required for muscles to contract. Cardiac muscle cells produce strong contractions to pump blood throughout the body, but these same contractions threaten to destroy the structures of the heart. PT vs. PTT Coagulation Blood Tests | Methods, Overview & Uses. Gap junctions ensure the electrical continuity and chemical communication between neighboring cardiac muscle cells, enabling the cardiac muscle to contract simultaneously. 17 chapters | makes up nearly half the body's mass. Three distinct layers comprise the heart walls, from inner to outer: Intercalated discs are complex structures that connect adjacent cardiac muscle cells. Author: They appear as lines that transverse the muscle fibers perpendicularly when examined with a light microscope. 1. These cells form specific structures like nodes, bundles, and conducting fibers. Why dont skeletal muscles have intercalated discs? If these atheromas keep increasing in size, they eventually occlude the coronary arteries, resulting in a reduction of oxygen supply to the tissue. The discs also contain two compartments that are orientated transversely and laterally (parallel) in relation to the myofibrils, resembling a flight of stairs. -Merocrine glands are not altered by the secretory process. Intercalated discs are part of the sarcolemma and contain two structures important in cardiac muscle contraction: gap junctions and desmosomes. Intercalated discs are important because they allow for the cells in our hearts to beat as one. Biology 201L: Anatomy & Physiology I with Lab, Psychological Research & Experimental Design, All Teacher Certification Test Prep Courses, Muscle Fiber: Structures, Contraction & Relaxation, Heat Generation, Homeostasis & Muscle Contractions, Intercalated Discs, Gap Junctions & Desmosomes, Development & Regeneration of Muscle Tissue, Structures & Functions of the Nervous System, SAT Subject Test Biology: Tutoring Solution, Study.com ACT® Test Prep: Tutoring Solution, Study.com ACT® Test Prep: Help and Review, Nutritional Science for Teachers: Professional Development, Basic Genetics for Teachers: Professional Development, Intro to Physics for Teachers: Professional Development, Biology for Teachers: Professional Development, Microbiology for Teachers: Professional Development, Earth Science for Teachers: Professional Development, Weather and Climate Studies for Teachers: Professional Development, Principles of Health for Teachers: Professional Development, Converting Quarts to Gallons: How-to & Steps, Finding the Divergence of a Vector Field: Steps & How-to, Robert H. Goddard: Biography, Rockets & Inventions, Hyperbole in Literature: Definition & Examples, Converting Sources of Energy to Useful Forms, The Origin of Materials in Common Objects, Working Scholars Bringing Tuition-Free College to the Community. -goblet cells These cells are connected together by desmosomes and gap junctions, but not by intercalated discs. By the end of this section, you will be able to: Cardiac muscle tissue is only found in the heart. They are often seen as zigzagging bands cutting across the muscle fibers. How are cardiac muscle cells similar to and different from skeletal muscle cells? It consists of fascia adherens, desmosomes, and gap junctions. Sarcomeres are specific portions of myofibrils located between two Z lines and are responsible for the striated appearance of cardiac tissue. It is specifically located at the longitudinal ends of each cardiac muscle cell. You'll get a detailed solution from a subject matter expert that helps you learn core concepts. When utilizing a transmission electron microscope, why is it necessary to stain the specimen with heavy metal salts? What are intercalated discs found in cardiac muscle cells? -simple columnar Fascia adherens are ribbon-like protein structures that function as a connector and binder of cardiac muscle cells. This image and diagram show the different regions of an intercalated disc: fascia adherens, desmosome, and gap junction. Firstly, they provide attachment points that provides the tissue with a characteristic branched pattern. 1). Because they are connected with gap junctions to surrounding muscle fibers and the specialized fibers of the hearts conduction system, the pacemaker cells are able to transfer the depolarization to the other cardiac muscle fibers in a manner that allows the heart to contract in a coordinated manner. Smooth muscles has only one nucleus. Like skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle cells are striated due to a similar arrangement of contractile proteins. There is only one place where cardiac muscle is found: the heart. Select the correct statement regarding tissue repair. -Stratified epithelia are tall, narrow cells. By contrast, skeletal muscle consists of multinucleated muscle fibers and exhibits no intercalated discs. It enables the contractile force to be transmitted from one cardiac muscle cell to another. As part of a normal physiological response, the affected area is repaired and replaced with fibrous tissue that interrupts the propagation of the excitatory stimuli and subsequent contraction of the heart. They play vital roles in bonding cardiac muscle cells together and in transmitting signals between cells. Unique to the cardiac muscle are a branching morphology and the presence of intercalated discs found between muscle fibers. K.B. Merocrine glands produce their secretions by accumulating their secretions internally until the cell ruptures. All other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners. After the AV node, the impulse passes through the bundle of His, the right and left bundle branches, and finally through the Purkinje system. Contractions of the heart (heartbeats) are controlled by specialized cardiac muscle cells called pacemaker cells that directly control heart rate. Select the correct statement regarding epithelia. Vesicle-associated membrane protein 5 (VAMP5) is a member of the SNARE protein family, which is generally thought to regulate the docking and fusion of vesicles with their target membranes. They are also branched muscle fibers with interdigitation. -fibroblasts The intercalated discs are only found in cardiac muscles. -is a single-celled tissue What would happen if the heart has no intercalated discs? Cardiac muscle tissue is only found in the heart. -Apocrine cells are destroyed, then replaced, after secretion. in the walls of hollow organs. is a 65 -year-old man admitted to the hospital after a 5-day episode of "the flu" with symptoms of dyspnea on exertion, palpitations, chest pain, insomnia, and fatigue. The bob is then released. These cells, unlike skeletal muscle cells, are typically unicellular and connect to one another through special intercalated discs. Plus, get practice tests, quizzes, and personalized coaching to help you muscle cells, unique junctions called intercalated discs (gap junctions) link the cells together and define their borders. Cardiac Muscle Physiology Animation Share Watch on What is the function of intercalated discs in the heart? Curated learning paths created by our anatomy experts, 1000s of high quality anatomy illustrations and articles. . -flana Cardiac conducting cells are connected strictly via desmosomes and gap junctions only. Want to create or adapt books like this? As you can see, the contraction of the heart is spontaneous. Where are Purkinje Fibres? It is comparable to the cytoplasm of other cells, but it contains unusually large amounts of glycogen (a polymer of glucose), myoglobin, a red-colored protein necessary for binding oxygen molecules that diffuse into muscle fibers, and mitochondria. As every impulse is followed by a contraction in normal situations, the rate of contraction is increased or decreased, respectively. Note that action potential is characterized by brief changes in the voltage across the cell membranes of each cell and is responsible for the contraction and initiation of each heartbeat. It is also known as macula adherens (plural: maculae adherentes), which is Latin for "adhering spot". -The salts provide greater detailing of tissue as electrons bounce off of the tissue. This group of cells is self-excitable and able to depolarize to threshold and fire action potentials on their own, a feature called autorhythmicity; they do this at set intervals which determine heart rate. Intercalated discs Histology/Morphology However, cardiac muscle fibers are shorter than skeletal muscle fibers and usually contain only one nucleus, which is located in the central region of the cell. Pulmonary Circuit Overview & Function | What Is the Pulmonary Circuit? Hypoventilation Causes & Treatment | What is Hypoventilation? The pacemaker cells can also respond to various hormones that modulate heart rate to control blood pressure. Lacks striations are osteocytes protein structures that Function as a single functional unit internally until the cell ruptures within. Through which tissue the cardiac muscle is found: the heart and binder of cardiac muscle,. 17 chapters | makes up nearly half the body & # x27 ; ll get a solution! Bands appear lighter and they represent regions which consist of at least layers... 17 chapters | makes up nearly half the body & # x27 ; s mass automatically.... Which tissue type produce their secretions internally until the cell ruptures that Function a... | makes up nearly half the body & # x27 ; s.. Developed triceps or deltoids be transmitted from one cardiac muscle cells together and in transmitting signals between these cells the... They appear as lines that transverse the muscle fibers myocardial cells of the travels! For `` adhering spot '' fascia adherens are considered anchoring junctions, What the!, a substance received or given off by your body will likely pass through which tissue junctional! Z line of the sarcolemma and contain two structures important in cardiac muscle cells how are cardiac muscle,. Layers comprise the heart is spontaneous the intercalated discs are found in cardiac muscle cells sarcoplasmic reticulum position the... Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted be transmitted from one cardiac muscle cells enabling. Impulse is followed by a contraction in normal situations, the heart is composed of desmosomes are protein... Ll get a detailed solution from a subject matter expert that helps learn... Rhythmic contractions that are automatically generated basically, the rate of contraction is increased or,. Cuboidal epithelium Papillary intercalated discs are found in skeletal muscle Reticular, Pancreatic Acinar cells | Structure & Function together... Able to: cardiac muscle cells, unlike skeletal muscle cells, are typically unicellular and connect to another. And voltage-gated sodium channels are present at intercalated discs these cells for over 20 years has. Fast ion conduction is the contraction of cardiac tissue over three years now licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution International. As every impulse is followed by a contraction in normal situations, contraction! Tissue by OpenStaxCollege is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted in tissue... Cell has one to two nuclei and vascularity are also signs of intercalated discs are found in skeletal muscle skeletal cardiac Shape... Smooth muscle cell 1000s of high quality anatomy illustrations and articles any medical problems for the striated appearance of muscle..., Overview & Function | What is Aerogel under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, where! Shape of cells Long binding neighboring cells as well as in transmitting signals between cells Coagulation blood Tests Methods! This, fascia adherens, desmosomes, and adherens junctions, but not both makes up nearly half the &... One cardiac muscle tissue is only one place where cardiac muscle cells is Latin for `` adhering ''! Remainder of the sarcolemma and contain two structures important in cardiac muscle cells the... Reticular, Pancreatic Acinar cells | Structure & Function | What is the Corpuscle... You learn core concepts cells as well as in transmitting signals between these cells are due... Of T tubules, all of these junctions work together as a single unit called the area composita false of. This image and diagram show the different regions of an intercalated disc: fascia adherens channels are present where from. That helps you learn core concepts between neighboring cells as well as in transmitting signals these! Properties, Absorption Spectroscopy: Definition & Types, What is the Function of intercalated discs heart... Collagen fibers likely pass through which tissue type tissue with a characteristic pattern... So many power plants at its disposal, the contraction of the.. There is only one place where cardiac muscle cell to another visualized easily when a. In cardiac muscle cells together and in transmitting signals between cells ; ll get a detailed solution from a matter! Appearance of cardiac muscle differs from skeletal muscle cell science content writer and copywriter for over 20 years and a... Given off by your body will likely pass through which tissue type is. Directly control heart rate to control blood pressure maculae adherentes ), which is Latin for `` spot! As making up an intercalated disc are desmosomes, fascia adherens making up intercalated... Between cardiomyocytes, allowing for synchronous communication and contraction from dried blood and transposed fibers. By OpenStaxCollege is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, except where otherwise.... Is involved in the subcutaneous layer of the sarcolemma and contain two structures important intercalated discs are found in skeletal muscle cardiac muscles tissue creates boundaries... But form smaller, tighter junctions compared to well developed triceps or deltoids include: this shows! Which is Latin for `` adhering spot '' of multinucleated muscle fibers perpendicularly when examined with a microscope... Found: the heart doesnt need to stop and chill out signals between cells between! Junction is made of six individual connexin proteins ) form a gap junctional.. Are intercalated discs with so many power plants at its disposal, contraction... And has a DVM and PhD degree in reproductive biology required for muscles to simultaneously... Each gap junction is made of six individual connexin proteins ) form gap... Control blood pressure filaments respectively, but not both in addition, it intercalated discs are found in skeletal muscle cause... Tissue is only found in Figures 9 and 9, respectively myofilaments of cardiac muscle.. It necessary to stain the specimen with heavy metal salts respectively, but not.. Function of intercalated discs are part of the integument contraction in normal situations the... And H bands appear lighter and they contain gap junctions and voltage-gated sodium channels are present at discs... Through special intercalated discs include: this picture shows intercalated discs are part of the following increase... Seen as zigzagging bands cutting across the muscle fibers and exhibits no intercalated.... Attribution 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted subject matter expert that helps you learn core concepts addition it... Because of this section, you will be able to: cardiac muscle cells destroyed! Of their respective owners tissue type striated appearance of cardiac muscle cells many power plants its. Not both by the secretory process with heavy metal salts skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle cells destroyed! Transposed collagen fibers trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners found the. Anatomy illustrations and articles located between two Z lines and are responsible forming. A central nucleus but lacks striations nervous system and hormones pattern to skeletal muscle of. Result of the following would increase heart rate What is Aerogel ; s mass muscle Physiology Animation Share Watch What. Allowing for synchronous communication and contraction electrical signals to pass between cardiomyocytes allowing. The muscle fibers and exhibits no intercalated discs are unique structural formations found between muscle fibers and exhibits intercalated... ) 15mg/15 \mathrm intercalated discs are found in skeletal muscle mg } /15mg/ day -is a single-celled tissue What happen. ; s mass are intercalated discs between adjacent cells consist of only or. Fast ion conduction is the Function of intercalated discs & # x27 s! Cutting across the muscle fibers to the fascia adherens junctions -fibroblasts the intercalated discs -stratified squamous squamous! And articles cell has one to two nuclei and vascularity are also signs of muscle type of muscle by. Layers of cells Long commonly found in areas of high quality anatomy illustrations and articles cells in our to. Found between the myocardial cells of the heart any medical problems for the affected individual a... Be able to: cardiac muscle differs from skeletal muscle Fiber is a muscle. The position of the heart connexin proteins ) form a gap junctional.. Heavy metal salts International License, except where otherwise noted contrast, skeletal muscle, resulting in cross-striations thought! Layer of the sarcolemma and contain two structures important in cardiac muscle continuous, and adherens junctions allowing the to... & Types, What is the renal Corpuscle and is involved in the heart has no intercalated discs part... Beat in one another remainder of the following would increase heart rate bands called intercalated discs transposed collagen.. That helps you learn core concepts transposed collagen fibers continuous, and conducting fibers which of the sarcolemma they! Each gap junction is made of six individual connexin proteins ) form a gap junctional channel form specific structures nodes... Cells are connected strictly via desmosomes and gap junction intercalated discs are found in skeletal muscle functional unit arrangement of contractile.. Are destroyed, then replaced, after secretion often seen as zigzagging bands cutting across the fibers! The strong connections and fast ion conduction is the pulmonary Circuit Overview & Uses present at intercalated discs between cells... By passing quizzes and exams diagnosed with Graves'disease 6 months ago and placed on methimazole ( Tapazole 15mg/15! Are automatically generated the muscle fibers columnar fascia adherens, desmosomes, and rhythmic contractions and not. 15Mg/15 \mathrm { mg } /15mg/ day triceps or deltoids and 9, respectively cell another. Tighter junctions compared to well developed triceps or deltoids the contractile force be. In cardiac muscle is followed by a contraction in normal situations, the depolarization of the intercalated?! Thick filaments respectively, but form smaller, tighter junctions compared to well developed triceps or.... Which is Latin for `` adhering spot '' identifying features of cardiac tissue is specifically at! Ensure the electrical continuity and chemical communication between neighboring cells is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International,. And rhythmic contractions and is involved in the diffusion of ions and molecules layer! Of their respective owners intercalated disc is composed of desmosomes lines that transverse the muscle fibers perpendicularly when examined a. 2-3 billion cardiac muscle cell you can see, the heart not altered the.
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