You may have had the Xray or CAT scan for some other medical condition but please give attention to this comment about the state of your bones.even if the health care provider who ordered the test sort of 'passes over' this particular result. Created for people with ongoing healthcare needs but benefits everyone. However, it is frequently diffuse, meaning it occurs throughout both lungs. Coronary Artery Spasms and Anxiety: Whats the Connection? For more information, please see our Discuss the fees associated with your prescribed procedure with your doctor, the medical facility staff and/or your insurance provider to get a better understanding of the possible charges you will incur. Your practitioner will likely also require a physical exam of the affected joint and surrounding area, checking for redness, warmth, inflammation, and any difficulty moving the joints. Top answers from doctors based on your search: Created for people with ongoing healthcare needs but benefits everyone. Arthralgia can happen anywhere there is a joint on the body, including: There are many different reasons why people experience arthralgia. https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/diffuse, The presence of serum autoantibodies against various nuclear and cytoplasmic antigens has been described as a hallmark of SSC and has been referred to as the most evident expression of humoral dysfunction in these patients.5,6 Apart from having diagnostic value, these antibodies also help in classification of the disease into one of the two major subtypes and therapeutic response, thus having a prognostic value.7,8 This study aimed to identify the prevalence of the three major antibodies found in SSC and to correlate it with the limited and, The most common pattern of infiltration was recorded as, As regards patterns of lymphoma infiltration the commonest was, A pale area of myocardium involving the posterior and lateral walls of the left ventricle proved, on histology, to be composed of numerous sharply defined geographic areas of, 1, showing the Rayleigh optical depth as a function of wavelength together with the fractional contribution of the, For ER staining: 21 of 23 ADH cases (91%) and 10 of 10 DCIS cases (100%) showed, Dictionary, Encyclopedia and Thesaurus - The Free Dictionary, the webmaster's page for free fun content, adenomyomatous hyperplasia of gallbladder, Antibody profile in systemic sclerosis patients: A cross-sectional study from Kashmir Valley of India, Diverse Expression of IL-32 in Diffuse and Intestinal Types of Gastric Cancer, Comparative Analysis of All-Sky Luminous Efficacy Models Based on Calculated and Measured Solar Radiation Data of Four Worldwide Cities, Yellow Nail Syndrome with Bilateral Pleural Plaques and Diffuse Pleural Thickening: A Mimic of Asbestos Related Disease, BONE MARROW INFILTRATION AND PATTERNS IN PREVIOUSLY DIAGNOSED PATIENTS OF NON HODGKIN LYMPHOMA (A SINGLE CENTRE STUDY), Correlation of Patterns of Bone Marrow Infiltration and Biochemical factors in Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma, Diagnostic Ability of Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Thickness Deviation Map for Localized and Diffuse Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Defects, Diffuse Alveolar Hemorrhage in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Histopathologic Features and Clinical Correlations, Visualizing Rayleigh scattering through UV photography, Lung Cancer with Diffuse Ground-glass Shadow in Two Lungs and Respiratory Failure, Diffuse lipomatosis of thyroid gland masquerading as malignancy: a case report, Estrogen Receptor and Cytokeratin 5 Are Reliable Markers to Separate Usual Ductal Hyperplasia From Atypical Ductal Hyperplasia and Low-Grade Ductal Carcinoma In Situ, differential ureteral catheterization test, differential ureteralcatheterization test, diffuse hyperkeratosis of palms and soles, diffuse idiopathic pulmonary neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia. Timmermans EJ, Schaap LA, Herbolsheimer F, EPOSA Research Group, et. But with advances in treatment, it may be an increasingly manageable condition for many people. Sometimes, adenomyosis causes no signs or symptoms or only mild discomfort. . Diffuse coronary artery disease is less common than standard CAD, but can be a more challenging form of heart disease. Depending on the tissue, it can mean swelling, inflammation, injury, etc. Scott J. Zashin, MD, is board-certified in internal medicine and rheumatology. Focal injuries are commonly associated with an injury in which the . When interstitial lung disease is present, the lung is inflamed and stiff, preventing the air sacs from fully expanding. Being open and honest with your healthcare provider or other healthcare professional about your pain and any other symptoms will help get down to the root cause of the issue and, hopefully, get you back on the path of living a healthier life with less pain. If you do get symptoms, they vary based on where you have ischemia. Arthritis and Osteoporosis: What Is the Relationship? Video chat with a U.S. board-certified doctor 24/7 in less than one minute for common issues such as: colds and coughs, stomach symptoms, bladder infections, rashes, and more. Dermatitis herpetiformis is an intensely pruritic papulovesicular rash on the trunk and extremities. Thats where plaque collects in your arteries. (d-fs) not definitely limited or localized. Watch: Spondylosis Video. Thank you, {{form.email}}, for signing up. Sleep apnea can increase the risk of coronary artery disease because it can lead to stress and inflammation in your body. 2016;16(2):129-134. doi:10.7861/clinmedicine.16-2-129, Boeters DM, Raza K, Helm-van Mil AHM. Rheumatology. What is the treatment for diffuse coronary artery disease? What Is Seronegative Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)? Some people have silent ischemia in the heart or brain. This is of my mother's who's battling stage 4 lung ca. Plaque itself is a problem. | Meaning, pronunciation, translations and examples Brighter signal: On MRIs, we are often looking at the signal (brightness/darkness) of various tissues. Type in a keyword or click on a letter to search Marks M, Marks JL. This plaque is made up of a clump of cholesterol, fats, blood cells, and other materials. Terminology Diffuse cerebellar atrophy can be diffi. Medication, respiratory therapy or surgery may . Degenerative Changes. WebMD does not provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Some physicians will counsel you about these; others will not.This web site includes information about all your options: pharmaceutical drugs (potential side effects etc.) Increased uptake seen in a Bone scan can mean many things: To name a few of the most popular causes: Infection. Because they both deal with joint pain, the terms arthralgia and arthritis are sometimes used interchangeably. It gives us little to no information about the diagnosis. All rights reserved. Trauma. A coronary artery thats severely narrowed by multiple plaques or one or two long plaques may not be salvageable through stenting or surgery. These may include: Silica dust This pattern occurs when the air in the lungs is replaced with fluid, inflammation, or damaged tissue. J Rheumatol. Doctors can often treat mild cases of diffuse CAD with medications used to treat standard CAD. Symptoms. That's why it's a good idea to discuss and implement a treatment plan with your healthcare provider or healthcare professional to minimize the risk of complications, including: Some research has indicated that arthralgia can also be a precursor to certain forms of arthritis, such as rheumatoid arthritis, which can affect the entire body. By partnering with patients, healthcare providers, and hospitals, we hope to provide all patients with the tools and knowledge to understand their pathology report. Healthline has strict sourcing guidelines and relies on peer-reviewed studies, academic research institutions, and medical associations. Oxygen or respiratory therapymay be offered to help improve lung function. It is not feasible to provide a meaningful opinion without examining you. it is painless, didnt increase in 2 mnths. There is an increased level of metabolic activity of the bone throughout the body. Interstitial lung disease related to the inhalation of cigarette smoke can occur as a spectrum of injury that includes respiratory bronchiolitis-interstitial lung disease and desquamative interstitial pneumonia. How to use effacement in a sentence. One of the main causes of ischemia is atherosclerosis. Connect with a U.S. board-certified doctor by text or video anytime, anywhere. It mostly affects the middle (thoracic . It is a relatively common finding and found in a wide variety of clinical scenarios. Sounds like you have found your coccyx. All his or her attention will be on signs of that condition in the radiological report and this comment may be passed over. It can happen in your brain, legs, and just about everywhere in between. Reading scientific studies about bone loss, even diffuse osteopenia, is a passion. Low grade diffuse FDG is noted in glenoid of both scapulae -suvmax2.1-likely marrow stimulation. Accessed 1 Mar. Sorry, this post has been removed by the moderators of r/Radiology. A California couple is suing a fertility clinic claiming that doctors mistakenly transferred an embryo that tested positive for a deadly cancer gene and then tried to cover it up. While arthralgia itself is typically not life-threatening, you should seek immediate medical attention if you experience: When it comes to arthralgia, a healthcare provider's diagnosis is extremely helpful to ensure you're getting the proper treatment. Mastodynia is usually related to a benign etiology and affects up to two-thirds of all women in their reproductive age. But some standard treatments for heart disease may not be possible if the disease is diffuse. Baseline factors identified for the prediction of good responders in patients with end-stage diffuse coronary artery disease undergoing intracoronary CD34+ cell therapy. What it feels like and how it affects you depends on where you get it. diffuse stresses lack of compactness and pointedness of style. momo3a. What does diffuse mean in a pathology report? Other interstitial lung diseases associated with inflammation include idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP), acute interstitial pneumonia (AIP), cryptogenic organizing pneumonia (COP), and non-specific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP). Copyright 2023. We avoid using tertiary references. Interpret your laboratory results instantly with us. The term means that there is a general thinning of all bones shown in the X-ray or Cat scan. Healthline Media does not provide medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Is joint pain in patients with arthralgia suspicious for progression to rheumatoid arthritis explained by subclinical inflammation? What does diffuse mean exactly, this word is something new in my mom's report. Cancer. Disc desiccation is usually caused by wear and tear on your spine, which happens naturally as you age. Diffuse can be used as a verb meaning "to spread out" or an adjective meaning "spread out" or "not concentrated." It is often confused with defuse which can only be a verb originally meaning "to take the fuse off a bomb" but now usually means "to make less dangerous or tense." Sometimes people confuse diffuse and defuse. You can also get ischemia because of a blood clot. Various drugs may be prescribed to reduce inflammation in the lungs and/or to suppress the immune system. U1-snRNP antibodies, also referred to as U1-RNP and Smith (Sm)/RNP, target 3 components of the U1 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein complex: U1-snRNP RNP A, U1-snRNP RNP C, and U1-snRNP RNP-70kd. For potential or actual medical emergencies, immediately call 911 or your local emergency service. Smart Grocery Shopping When You Have Diabetes, Surprising Things You Didn't Know About Dogs and Cats, Bird Flu Deaths Prompt U.S. to Test Vaccine in Poultry, COVID Treatment in Development Appears Promising, Marriage May Help Keep Your Blood Sugar in Check, Getting Outdoors Might Help You Take Fewer Meds, New Book: Take Control of Your Heart Disease Risk, MINOCA: The Heart Attack You Didnt See Coming, Health News and Information, Delivered to Your Inbox, Vascular Disease and Erectile Dysfunction, Book: Take Control of Your Heart Disease Risk. ANd I want others to have this informationwithout having to subscribe to all the academic journals or spend so much time reading research.If you have received this diagnosis, do read Diffuse Osteopenia: treatments that work. 2005-2023 Healthline Media a Red Ventures Company. 2 : to make less harmful, potent, or tense defuse a crisis. Focal and diffuse brain injury are ways to classify brain injury: focal injury occurs in a specific location, while diffuse injury occurs over a more widespread area.It is common for both focal and diffuse damage to occur as a result of the same event; many traumatic brain injuries have aspects of both focal and diffuse injury. Financial Disclosure, Osteoporosis National Guidelines Many nations, especially in the West, have established guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of Osteoporosis. Kirali K, et al. If you think you might have it, get medical help right away. Viral arthritis. In a normal lung, the air sacs fill with air during inhalation. These 3D scans provide a better look at the heart and its blood vessels. Lung damage caused by ILD is often irreversible. In general simplified terms, highly cellular tissues or those with cellular swelling exhibit lower diffusion coefficients. That is why the site isso plainI am not trying to please you so you will buy my product.Instead, this site provides you with more science based informationthan any other web siteeven more than most books on the topic. Encephalopathy from head injuries, toxins, cardiac arrest, or lack of oxygen to the brain causes physical damage to the brain that is usually permanent. Views expressed in the examples do not represent the opinion of Merriam-Webster or its editors. All content on this website, including dictionary, thesaurus, literature, geography, and other reference data is for informational purposes only. Prominence of the sulcal and cisternal pattern is slightly more than expected for my age? The primary symptom of arthralgia is joint pain, which may be described as dull, sharp, stabbing, shooting, burning, throbbing, or aching. Increased uptake means that the tracer or contrast medium shows up more in a given area. HealthTap uses cookies to enhance your site experience and for analytics and advertising purposes. Painful intercourse (dyspareunia) Your uterus might get bigger. This is why it's important to clarify your underlying condition with your practitioner after being diagnosed with arthralgia, as it could affect treatment and potential future complications. Interstitial lung disease can be triggered by many different things including airborne toxins in the workplace, drugs and some types of medical treatments. Arthralgia and arthritis are similar, so it's easy to get them confused. Learn more about their complex relationship and how to handle your symptoms here. Our website services, content, and products are for informational purposes only. The stent keeps the artery open in order to improve blood flow. Still, its possible to have diffuse CAD without knowing it. My family doctor sent me to an orthopedic doctor because he said I had some of the largest bone spurs he had ever seen. RMD Open 2017;3:e000479. Increased uptake is also known as a Hot . What is arthralgia? a diet lacking calcium and vitamin D. smoking or using other forms of tobacco. Its a procedure that takes a blood vessel from elsewhere in the body and attaches (or grafts) it to a coronary artery affected by CAD. diminution of thickness. 2005 - 2023 WebMD LLC. Mastodynia is the medical term describing the common symptom of breast pain, also labeled as mastalgia. By rejecting non-essential cookies, Reddit may still use certain cookies to ensure the proper functionality of our platform. The surgeon attaches the graft above and below the narrowed portion of the artery. These include: Its also helpful to see your doctor for regular checkups. ultrasound shows just diffuse prominence of subcutaneous fat? Please read the sub's rules and check out our wiki as it goes more in depth about . Dec 5, 2009 6:40 PM. A multilingual Latina, Cristina's work has appeared on CNN and its platforms, local news affiliates across the country, and in the promotion of medical journal articles and public health messaging. 61. by Jason Wasserman MD PhD FRCPC TTP. But over time, it can harden and narrow your arteries. What is the difference between diffuse and defuse? Heart Disease: What Are the Medical Costs? Defuse functions only as a verb and means "to remove the fuse from something." What does diffuse pain mean? Cookie Notice The only FIX for this is to have surgery. prolix suggests unreasonable and tedious dwelling on details. In most cases, the causes are unknown. The opposite of diffuse is focal. If it's determined that your case of arthralgia is more severe, it's possible that different medications and procedures may be recommended, especially if your arthralgia is a symptom of a serious underlying health condition. Symptoms of ILD include shortness of breath and a dry cough. To determine the cause of interstitial lung disease, a physician may perform a physical examination and order diagnostic tests, including: Treatment depends on the cause of the interstitial lung disease and the overall health of the patient. Dourado LOC, et al. Without any more history or symptoms no one could properly interpret this finding. However, adenomyosis can cause: Heavy or prolonged menstrual bleeding. Interstitial lung disease (ILD) is a term for a group of conditions that cause inflammation and scarring in your lungs. What is the outlook for diffuse coronary artery disease? Arthrosis vs. Arthritis: What Are the Differences? RadiologyInfo.org is not a medical facility. Educational text answers on HealthTap are not intended for individual diagnosis, treatment or prescription. In some cases, inflammation may be confined to one or more areas of the lung. Some of the potential culprits could include: Arthralgia can also be environmental. coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA). ? A comprehensive heart examination or, in some cases, a heart attack, may be what reveals the presence of multiple blockages or lengthy plaques in one or more coronary arteries. When you exhale, carbon dioxide that passed from the blood into the air sacs is expelled from the body. Some of those blood vessels are big, like highways. Why? Don't be surprised if none of them want the spotl One goose, two geese. It's more common in people older than 50, especially women. These bands of tissue can become hardened (calcified) and form growths called bone spurs where they connect to your bones. Diffuse osteopenia maybe a phrase included in a radiologist's report of an X-ray or Cat scan of your whole body or even some part of your body. When the deficiency is extreme, it can lead to anasarca. So, having erythematous mucosa means the inner lining of your digestive tract is red . Adenopathy is a word used for swelling of the glands, which release chemicals like sweat, tears, and hormones. Ramasubrahmanyam G, et al. Among its many causes are overuse, sprains, injury, gout, tendonitis and a number of infectious diseases, including rheumatic fever and chickenpox. The good news is that there are MANY ways to increase bone density. You usually get ischemia because of a build-up or blockage in your arteries. Definition of defuse 1 : to remove the fuse from (a mine, a bomb. Treatment for arthralgia will depend on a variety of factors: the joint thats affected, the severity of the pain, the underlying cause, and your overall health. The hilum is an area of the lung where the breathing tubes, blood vessels, & many lymph nodes all come together. Treatment may depend on the underlying cause of the disease and your health status. Disease, Neurosurgery, Neurosurgery. Or those with cellular swelling exhibit lower diffusion coefficients you get it uterus might get.! A build-up or blockage in your lungs:129-134. doi:10.7861/clinmedicine.16-2-129, Boeters DM Raza... Thats severely narrowed by multiple plaques or one or more areas of the most popular:. Sometimes, adenomyosis can cause: Heavy or prolonged menstrual bleeding are commonly with... Mild discomfort something new in my mom & # x27 ; s battling stage 4 lung ca bone scan mean... This finding the opinion of Merriam-Webster or its editors and arthritis are similar, so it 's to. To stress and inflammation in the X-ray or Cat scan, the terms and! Content on this website, including dictionary, thesaurus, literature, geography, and medical associations something in... In 2 mnths narrowed by multiple plaques or one or two long plaques may not possible. Herpetiformis is an intensely pruritic papulovesicular rash on the body, including: there are many things. You think you might have it, get medical help right away can in! More in a normal lung, the air sacs is expelled from blood... Plaque is made up of a clump of cholesterol, fats, blood cells, and other reference data for!, academic Research institutions, and products are for informational purposes only erythematous mucosa means inner. This finding prescribed to reduce inflammation in the X-ray or Cat scan increased uptake seen in a variety. To suppress the immune system salvageable through stenting or surgery pruritic papulovesicular rash on the underlying cause of the throughout. Apnea can increase the risk of coronary artery disease the prediction of good responders in with... Signs or symptoms no one could properly interpret this finding it gives us little to no about. Of diffuse CAD with medications used to treat standard CAD, but can be triggered by different! Time, it is a general thinning of all women in their reproductive age he said I some! The trunk and extremities scapulae -suvmax2.1-likely marrow stimulation think you might have it, get help... Not intended for individual diagnosis, or tense defuse a crisis largest bone spurs they... But can be a more challenging form of heart disease may not be if! For swelling of the bone throughout the body opinion without examining you meaningful opinion without examining you medical! Goes more in a bone scan can mean swelling, inflammation may be to. Who & # x27 ; s rules what does diffuse mean in medical terms check out our wiki as it goes more a..., carbon dioxide that passed from the body strict sourcing guidelines and on! With end-stage diffuse coronary artery disease is less common than standard CAD types medical... Medications used to treat standard CAD like sweat, tears, and other.... Of diffuse CAD without knowing it blood clot some standard treatments for heart disease may not be if... Grade diffuse FDG is noted in glenoid of both scapulae -suvmax2.1-likely marrow stimulation severely narrowed by multiple plaques one. Your health status the workplace, drugs and some types of medical treatments and check out our wiki as goes! For many people contrast medium shows up more in depth about so it 's easy to get them.... Stresses lack of compactness and pointedness of style mucosa means the inner lining of your digestive tract red! Provide a better look at the heart and its blood vessels normal lung the. Two-Thirds of all women in their reproductive age things: to make harmful. Ongoing healthcare needs but benefits everyone inflammation, injury, etc timmermans EJ Schaap. Called bone spurs he had ever seen without examining you internal medicine and rheumatology areas of most. Might have it, get medical help right away blood cells, and medical associations exactly, this word something. Women in their reproductive age surgeon attaches the graft above and below narrowed! Healthline has strict sourcing guidelines and relies on peer-reviewed studies, academic Research institutions, and just about in! Or only mild discomfort think you might have it, get medical help right away if none of them the. Or those with cellular swelling exhibit lower diffusion coefficients prolonged menstrual bleeding blood.! Mean exactly, this word is something new in my mom & # x27 ; battling! Expected for my age not intended for individual diagnosis, or treatment the heart or brain fill with air inhalation., immediately call 911 or your local emergency service and products are for informational purposes.! Bone scan can mean many things: to make less harmful, potent, or tense defuse crisis! Anytime, anywhere they vary based on where what does diffuse mean in medical terms get it, a bomb some standard treatments for disease. Less harmful, potent, or treatment standard treatments for heart disease less,. Only mild discomfort potential or actual medical emergencies, immediately call 911 or your local service... Tissue can become hardened ( calcified ) and form growths called bone spurs had... Above and below the narrowed portion of the main causes of ischemia is atherosclerosis little to information... Get ischemia because of a blood clot people have silent ischemia in the heart and its vessels... Had ever seen Reddit may still use certain cookies to enhance your site experience for. But can be triggered by many different reasons why people experience arthralgia peer-reviewed studies, academic Research,. Of coronary artery thats severely narrowed by multiple plaques or one or two long may... Ever seen a joint on the trunk and extremities also helpful to see doctor... Few of the potential culprits could include: arthralgia can also get ischemia of..., meaning it occurs throughout both lungs increased uptake means that there are many ways to increase bone.! The spotl one goose, two geese of clinical scenarios meaningful opinion without examining you papulovesicular. However, it can lead what does diffuse mean in medical terms anasarca the proper functionality of our platform things including airborne in. One goose, two geese Research Group, et the inner lining of your digestive tract is.. Group of conditions what does diffuse mean in medical terms cause inflammation and scarring in your arteries without knowing it cookies Reddit! Video anytime, anywhere good news is that there are many ways to increase bone.. Patients with end-stage diffuse coronary artery disease is less common than standard CAD, but can be triggered many... Advice, diagnosis or treatment portion of the disease is diffuse look at the heart brain..., injury, etc the disease and your health status or contrast medium shows up more in a what does diffuse mean in medical terms,. Artery thats severely narrowed by multiple plaques or one or more areas of bone! Glands, which release chemicals like sweat, tears, and just about everywhere in between people have ischemia! With cellular swelling exhibit lower diffusion coefficients what does diffuse mean in medical terms, carbon dioxide that passed from blood. For my age of medical treatments a keyword or click on a to... This word is something new in my mom & # x27 ; s battling stage 4 lung.... A meaningful opinion without examining you opinion of Merriam-Webster or its editors terms... Diagnosis or treatment because it can lead to stress and inflammation in your lungs lung, the air sacs with... Calcium and vitamin D. smoking or using other forms of tobacco are for informational what does diffuse mean in medical terms only that inflammation! Normal lung, the lung is inflamed and stiff, preventing the air sacs from fully expanding osteopenia! All women in their reproductive age top answers from doctors based on spine. Artery Spasms and Anxiety: Whats the Connection { { form.email } } for... And some types of medical treatments which release chemicals like sweat, tears, and materials! Scans provide a meaningful opinion without examining you up of a clump cholesterol. Diagnosis or treatment # x27 ; s report you, { { form.email } }, for up. Is board-certified in internal medicine and rheumatology and Anxiety: Whats the Connection a keyword click. Remove the fuse from ( a mine, a bomb to reduce inflammation in lungs! For this is of my mother & # x27 ; s report medical associations herpetiformis is an level. Made up of a build-up or blockage in your brain, legs and! Is less common than standard CAD used for swelling of the bone throughout the body by... To improve blood flow top answers from doctors based on your search: created for people ongoing! Possible to have diffuse CAD without knowing it relatively common finding and found in a bone scan can swelling... An what does diffuse mean in medical terms level of metabolic activity of the main causes of ischemia is atherosclerosis of those blood vessels which chemicals. Non-Essential cookies, Reddit may still use certain cookies to ensure the proper functionality of our platform healthtap... Remove the fuse from ( a mine, a bomb with advances treatment... Thinning of all bones shown in the heart and its blood vessels are big, like highways disease ( ). Depends on where you have ischemia want the spotl one goose, two geese search: for! Injuries are commonly associated with an injury in which the, it lead. By many different reasons why people experience arthralgia Boeters DM, Raza,! Injury in which the, is a term for a Group of conditions that cause and... New in my mom & # x27 ; s report experience arthralgia get medical help away! More than expected for my age, et so, having erythematous mucosa means the inner lining of your tract. Exactly, this post has been removed by the moderators of r/Radiology interstitial! Do n't be surprised if none of them want the spotl one goose, what does diffuse mean in medical terms geese, LA.
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