As an Amazon Associate we earn from qualifying purchases. In 2014, we launched our signature program, Lets Talk! One of the earliest efforts began in 1775 in Philadelphia, where Dr. Benjamin Rush and other Philadelphia Quakers formed what became the Pennsylvania Abolition Society. He earned a Ph.D. in American History from Northwestern University in 2006. Under the Treaty of Greenville (1795), the United States gained dominion over land in Ohio. How did the newly independent United States attempt to formulate a national economy? It is within these twin founding documents that the paradox of liberty - the human right to freedom and the socially protected rights to property - became the foundation and essence of the American consciousness. Indicate the dispute and each side's arguments. West and North ended up very connected after transportation improvements Elite colonists determined that they needed to amass more native lands for their continued expansion, to pacify poor European colonists who sought economic advancement, and to keep a dedicated labor force to do the grueling agricultural work. How did different social group identities evolve during the revolutionary struggle? Right of revolution= idea that if the govt is not protecting your rights, you have the right to overthrow them. Over centuries, the false notion that white people were inherently smarter, more capable, and more human than nonwhite people became accepted worldwide. in: Frank Leslie's illustrated newspaper, v. IV, no. After they arrived with their parents, the children immediately _____ to go see the rare, _____ species of monkey that the zoo had displayed for only a few months. 1626 - New York May be refind, and join th angelic train. Source: PBS, The American Experience. (insured, assured, ensured), 3 effects of this 1789 revolution on Saint-Domingue, 1. Jim Crow Laws How did the revolution become an international conflict involving competing European and American powers? Although not one of the original thirteen colonies, the new republic of Vermont would be included in this list with its 1777 constitution that declared, all men are born equally free and independent, and have certain natural, inherent and unalienable rights, amongst which are the enjoying and defending life and liberty; acquiring, possessing and protecting property, and pursuing and obtaining happiness and safety.. National Museum of African American History & Culture, Social Identities and Systems of Oppression, The Human Factor of History: Dred Scott and Roger B. Taney, Listen to this conversation with Goza and Houston Public Radio, Created Equal: How Benjamin Banneker Challenged Jefferson on Race and Freedom. Nam lacinia pulvinar tortor nec facilisis. Remember, all men would be tyrants if they could. Abigail Adams ran the family homestead during the Revolution, but she did not have the ability to conduct business without her husbands consent. Although we tend to think of democracy as a kind of absolute concept that refers to inherently ethical forms of social organization, it is an idea that does not reflect a hallowed and ahistorical commitment to human equality and justice. Some view our sable race with scornful eye, Her frustration grew when her husband responded in an April 1776 letter: As to your extraordinary Code of Laws, I cannot but laugh. It reads: As the happiness of a people, and the good order and preservation of civil government, essentially depend upon piety, religion and morality; and as these cannot be generally diffused through a community, but by the institution of the public worship of GOD, and of public instructions in piety, religion and morality: Therefore, to promote their happiness and to secure the good order and preservation of their government, the people of this Commonwealth have a right to invest their legislature with power to authorize and require, and the legislature shall, from time to time, authorize and require, the several towns, parishes, precincts, and other bodies-politic, or religious societies, to make suitable provision, at their own expense, for the institution of the public worship of GOD, and for the support and maintenance of public protestant teachers of piety, religion and morality, in all cases where such provision shall not be made voluntarily. Built reputation on fact that he was outsider and not elite Nam lac, iscing elit. During the American revolution war, African Americans decided to join the war as black patriots with the hopes of gaining their freedom from slavery. In this world, being a slave was not for life or hereditary - meaning the status of a slave did not automatically transfer from parent to child. Answer Comment ( 5 votes) How does one justify holding a human as property? Seminole War in the South Different ideas through higher classes 2. racial differences 3. declaration of Rights of man and citizens, 1. Irish have bad reputation for taking jobs, being drunks, and having too many kids Nature determined that all human beings would be young before maturing. The question(s) of who could -and can - claim the unalienable rights has been a question for America through time. When white Americans started to fear economic competition from the immigrants, the nation's racist logic resulted in the passage of the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882. How did debates over American democratic culture and proximity of many different cultures living in close contact affect changing definitions national identity? 1638 - Connecticut They viewed the new nation as a White republic; Black people were enslaved, and Native Americans had no place. Nam lacinia pulvinar tortor nec facilisis. After the Revolution, some questioned the validity of state-authorized churches; the limitation of public office-holding to those of a particular faith; and the payment of taxes to support churches. The modern-day use of the term race (identifying groups of people by physical traits, appearance, or characteristics) is a human invention. The Protestant Reformation, begun by Martin Luther in 1517, radically transformed the theological and political landscape of Europe. Once their time had been worked, they often were eligible for freedom. Indian removal in SouthEast Reconstruction, the period in American history that followed the Civil War, was an era filled with great hope and expectations, but it proved far too short to ensure a successful transition from . The courts racist decision and affirmation that African descendants were mere property would severely harm the cause of black equalityand contribute to anti-black sentiment for generations to come. are not subject to the Creative Commons license and may not be reproduced without the prior and express written Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Pellentesque dapibus efficitur laoreet. hypocrite or realist? What was the meaning of the term nursing fathers of the church? Nam lacinia pulvinar tortor nec facilisis. In 1786, as a revolutionary response against the privileged status of the Church of England, Virginias lawmakers approved the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom, which ended the Church of Englands hold and allowed religious liberty. Both led to the end of slavery in the north, but neither diminished the idea, that in the realms of politics, religion, science, and daily routine, somehow black people remained lesser and should remain subordinate. In the former Puritan colonies, the Congregational Church (established by seventeenth-century Puritans) remained the church of most inhabitants. While the French Revolution was a complex. Nam risus ante, dapibus a molestie consequat, ultrices ac magna. new inventions encouraged a huge boom in industry and relationship between West and East. . Where did the American colonists acquire their ideas about a "right of revolution"? Donec aliquet. The main force behind the plantations of sixteenth-century British America were indentured servants. That racism would continue on without slavery marked a significant change in this pernicious phenomenon. Identify each of the following words as a compound noun or a collective noun. Rise of common man tied to him but not because of him Born in Massachusetts, Warren actively opposed British reform measures before the outbreak of fighting in 1775 by publishing anti-British works. Taught my benighted soul to understand Opposed the National Bank because he believed it wasn't constitutional, nto given to the govt as a power under the constitution under Jefferson, they did not renew the Bank Bill Our ideas about how to raise children are beliefs decided and shared by the social community. Elsewhere in the famous 1776 letter quoted above, she speaks of the difficulties of running the homestead when her husband is away. The same was true for Native Americans who allied themselves with the British; Jefferson wrote in the Declaration of Independence that separation from the Empire was necessary because George III had incited the merciless Indian savages to destroy the White inhabitants on the frontier. African people were seen as more desirable slaves because they brought advanced farming skills, carpentry, and bricklaying skills, as well as metal and leatherworking skills. In the mid-19th century, science and the scientific community served to legitimize societys racist views. to plan the party for Saturday night \underline{\hspace{4cm}}. In many cultures, slaves were still able to earn small wages, gather with others, marry, and potentially buy their freedom. Thus, children of enslaved women would automatically share the legal status of slave. This doctrine, partus sequitur ventrem(see below), laid the foundation for the natural increase of the enslaved in the Americas and legitimized the exploitation of female slaves by white planters or other men. The Iroquois Confederacy, a longstanding alliance of tribes, also split up: the Mohawk, Cayuga, Onondaga, and Seneca fought on the British side, while the Oneida and Tuscarora supported the revolutionaries. Was he a hypocrite? Every person belonged to a hierarchical structure in some way: children to parents, parishioners to churches, laborers to landowners, etc. Several years after the revolt in America, French reformers faced political, social and economic hardships that mirrored the colonists' struggles. A social construct is an idea or collection of ideas that have been created and accepted by the people in a society. How did the revolutionary struggle and its aftermath reorient white-American Indians relations and affect subsequent population movements? Debate over whether the Constitution should be ratified. We can point to the use of the term slave in the Hebrew Bible, ancient societies such as Greece, Rome, and Egypt, as well as during other eras of time. Under the statute, no one could be forced to attend or support a specific church or be prosecuted for his or her beliefs. Elizabeth Key, an enslaved, bi-racial woman sued for her freedom in Virginia on the basis that her father was white. The problem is whether the American people have loyalty enough, honor enough, patriotism enough, to live up to their own constitution. She argued that a womans education should be extensive enough to allow her to maintain herselfand her familyif there was no male breadwinner. There is no Negro problem. Ohio River Valley tribes such as the Shawnee, Miami, and Mungo had been fighting for years against colonial expansion west; these groups supported the British. This is because, at the time of the revolution, slavery was gradually turning to rely on blacks for slave labor on the plantations. The scars and stains of racism are still deeply embedded in the American society. Read More. Few Native Americans sided with the American revolutionaries, because almost all revolutionaries in the middle ground viewed them as an enemy to be destroyed. Choose the best pair of words to complete the sentence. The Revolution also inspired African-American resistance . By publishing her work, Warren stepped out of the female sphere and into the otherwise male-dominated sphere of public life. North abolished slavery, West didn't need slaves because the types of things they were farming weren't conducive and they had new technology that allowed them to produce a lot of stuff without slaves, South still needed slaves For example, recent scholarship has shown how the ideas of autonomy and of unfreedom clarify what late-eighteenth century people actually had in mind when they thought about freedom.1. Chernoh Sesay Jr.is an Associate Professor of Religious Studies at DePaul University. Discuss it with your partner. Huge transformation with cotton economy Write "correct" if the vocabulary word has been used correctly, and "incorrect" if it has been used incorrectly. What do you think he meant? Different ideas through higher classes 2. racial differences 3. declaration of Rights of man and citizens When and where did the rebellion began? These constructs serve as an attempt toorganize or explain the world around us. There could be emancipation in northern and southern colonies without abolition and without equality. Natives lost most of their land as result of French and Indian War and revolution. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Dred Scott and his wife claimed freedom on the basis that they had resided in a free state and were therefore now free persons. Laura Neitzel Department of History Brookdale Community College Revolution has been central to the formation of the modern world. Inspired by the Revolution, Judith Sargent Murray of Massachusetts advocated womens economic independence and equal educational opportunities for men and women (Figure 7.5). The Northwest Indian War (17851795) ended with the defeat of the Natives and their claims. The Supreme Court ruled that Scott could not bring a suit in federal court because Black people were not citizens in the eyes of the U.S. Constitution. African Americans were excluded from the planning of the world's fair and from substantial roles during the fair. Emancipation and abolition were different and the same. Notice how their fine silk dresses telegraph their privileged social status. Pellentesque dapibus efficitur laoreet. Philosophers and naturalists were categorizing the world anew and extending such thinking to the people of the world. Initially, the racial identity of white referred only to Anglo-Saxon people and has changed due to time and geography. Nam risus ante, dapibus a molestie consequat, ultrices ac magna. What was the war called between Louverture and Rigaud? Instead of freedom being understood as the ability to shape fully one's destiny, older understandings of freedom had reversed this relationship. Dec 15, 2022 OpenStax. See more information about the timeline of Slavery in the Making of America.. In the poem below, how do her views on Christianity affect her views on slavery? In other states, especially in New England where the older Puritan heritage cast a long shadow, religion and state remained intertwined. In 1790, however, Pennsylvania removed this qualification from its constitution. Nam risus ante, dapibus a molestie consequat, ultrices ac magna. People more convinced that we are here to stay as a country They would sell their labor for a term, generally 4-7 years. The abuse of Chinese immigrant labor in the West was another example of American exploitation defended by the nations beliefs of racial difference in the late 19th century. The northern states either abolished the institution outright or adopted gradual emancipation schemes. Creative Commons Attribution License Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Touissant Louverture was a _______ general but then joined the ________ side, Study GuidePart III (Haitian Revolution), Haitian Revolution Unit Test Study Guides, Impact California Social Studies World History, Culture, and Geography The Modern World, World History and Geography: Modern Times. Each authors posts reflect their own views and not necessarily those of the African American Intellectual History Society Inc. AAIHS welcomes comments on and vigorous discussion about our posts. In response to this case, Virginia instituted partus sequitur ventrem making children's legal status follow the mother. Leading voices of the African America community - Frederick Douglass and Ida B. Wells-Barnett among them - wrote a pamphlet excoriating the racist decisions made, which excluded blacks from sharing the world stage as American citizens. These new beliefs, which evolved starting in the late 17th century and flourished through the late 18th century, argued that there were natural laws that governed the world and human beings. How did the institutions of this country see him? After the war, the victorious Americans turned a deaf ear to Native American claims to what the revolutionaries saw as their hard-won land, and they moved aggressively to assert control over western New York and Pennsylvania. In many ways, the Revolution served to reinforce the assumptions about race among White Americans. How did the ideology behind the revolution affect power relationships between different ethnic, racial, and social groups? Bobalition [Abolition] of Slavery ([Boston: s.n.] Her ideas were both radical and traditional, however: Murray also believed that women were much better at raising children and maintaining the morality and virtue of the family than men. Mortons work was built on by scientists such as Josiah Nott and Louis Agassiz. That theres a God, that theres a Saviour too: The U.S. has never been without it. Access to over 100 million course-specific study resources, 24/7 help from Expert Tutors on 140+ subjects, Full access to over 1 million Textbook Solutions. Like the European scholars before them, American intellectuals organized humans by category, seeking differences between racial populations. Indenture was a means for mainly English and Irish people who could not afford passage to the British colonies to enter into a labor contract. Recognize the racial stereotypes and myths discussed above and challenge them when you encounter them in your own thinking, or during conversations in your communities. Instead, the needs of the developing American society would transform those words meanings into new ideas. Although race has no genetic or scientific basis, the concept of race is important and consequential. Catholics coming over, huge anti-Catholic force Voting opened up to so many people- new ways of campaigning. There are different ways that racial discrimination reinforced by the federal government's actions and policies.. Follow him on Twitter @CMSesayJr1. War of 1812 first time we defeated someone else racism, also called racialism, the belief that humans may be divided into separate and exclusive biological entities called "races"; that there is a causal link between inherited physical traits and traits of personality, intellect, morality, and other cultural and behavioral features; and that some races are innately superior to others. The notion that freedom and slavery were absolute opposite conditions of social and political experience gained broad acceptance by the time of the colonial revolt. This categorization of people became a justification for European colonization and subsequent enslavement of people from Africa. Re intenses slavery How did environmental and geographic factors affect the development of sectional economics and identities? political isolation: rapid growth in North and West, they dominate in House of Representatives Benjamin Rush, a Whig educator and physician from Philadelphia, strongly advocated for the education of girls and young women as part of the larger effort to ensure that republican virtue and republican motherhood would endure. Immigration needed to preserve balance in the Senate for the South. Pellentesque dapibus efficitur laoreet. Within the Mediterranean and European regions, before the 16th century, enslavement was acceptable for persons considered heathens or outside of the Christian-based faiths. This religious test prohibited Jews from holding that office, as the New Testament is not part of Jewish belief. Earlier in the eighteenth century, a middle ground had existed between powerful Native groups in the West and British and French imperial zones, a place where the various groups interacted and accommodated each other. Donec aliquet. In fact, what has occurred is nothing short of a revolution, a complete rejection of what earlier generations of Americans from Colonial times until perhaps the 1950s took for granted. Fusce dui lectus, congue vel laoreet ac, dictum vitae odio. This book uses the What is significant about Jefferson's election in 1800 and the ideas of Jeffersonian democracy? Republican motherhood meant that women, more than men, were responsible for raising good children, instilling in them all the virtue necessary to ensure the survival of the republic. Societies use race to establish and justify systems of power, privilege, disenfranchisement, and oppression. Major political leaders and thinkers of American history promoted theories of difference and degeneracy about nonwhite people that grew in the late-18th century. All lands held by the British east of the Mississippi and south of the Great Lakes (except Spanish Florida) now belonged to the new American republic (Figure 7.9). Emancipation only meant that one person had gained release from unending servitude. American society developed the notion of race early in its formation to justify its new economic system of capitalism, which depended on the institution of forced labor, especially the enslavement of African peoples. "Slaves Waiting for Sale, Richmond, Virginia, 1861," Source: Slavery Images: A Visual Record of the African Slave Trade and Slave Life in the Early African Diaspora, Slaveryimages.org. When Jefferson was a candidate for president in 1796, an anonymous Southern Planter wrote, If this wild project succeeds, under the auspices of Thomas Jefferson, President of the United States, and three hundred thousand slaves are set free in Virginia, farewell to the safety, prosperity, the importance, perhaps the very existence of the Southern States (Figure 7.8). Despite the ideals of the American Revolutionary War regarding equality and . Donec aliquet. Nam lacinia pulvinar tortor nec facilisis. She could not conduct business or buy and sell property. The word itself refers to radical, transformative change and has many generic uses describing phenomena from the "industrial revolution" to the "sexual revolution." As a historical process, Except where otherwise noted, textbooks on this site Trains- start in 1830s and blow up in 1850s, made places more connected, easier to transport stuff and people, corrupt industry (govt gave money to companies to produce trains and they would pocket the money), beginnings of industrial regulations (govt regulated them after the Civil War), enemy of the farmers (screw over small farmers and support big farms) Chernoh Sesay Jr.is an Associate Professor of Religious Studies at DePaul University. . Their support of inferior races justified the dispossession of American Indians and the enslavement of Africans in the era of revolution. New generations of Americans, many born in the colonies, seized upon ideas like that of John Lockes Social Contract. It argues that all people naturally had a right to life, liberty, and property and that any created government is legitimate only with the consent of the people it governs. The Revolution had contradictory effects on slavery. as Slavery is the greatest, and consequently most to be dreaded, of all temporal calamities: So its opposite, Liberty, is the greatest temporal good, with which you can be blest!2. They encountered the indigenous peoples who had been living on the land for centuries and deemed them barbaric and uncivilized and themselves as superior and god-like. After prevailing in the American Revolution, our founders created the U.S. Constitution, which contains strongly-worded property rights. It is always dangerous whenever you have a place that relies on one thing for their economy The term race, used infrequently before the 1500s, was used to identify groups of people with a kinship or group connection. Murray, who came from a well-to-do family in Gloucester, questioned why boys were given access to education as a birthright while girls had very limited educational opportunities. The war ended in 1763 with the signing of the Treaty of Paris. "Whites Only" and "Colored" signs were constant reminders of the enforced racial order. As the 19th century drew to a close, one of the most elaborate displays of this new scientific belief was the Anthropology Exhibition at Chicagos Worlds Columbian Exposition of 1893. Want to cite, share, or modify this book? Her reason for quitting the restaurant job was that\underline{\text{that}}that she needed more time to study. Most of the dead were women and children. Historically, who belonged to the category of white would expand as people wanted to push back against the increasing numbers of people of color due to emancipation and immigration. Backed by the scientific racism of the mid-19th century, a branch of pseudoscience called eugenics contributed to further legitimizing societal belief in the biological superiority of those people considered white and the subjugation of other groups in descending order as skin tones darkened. This new law deemed it legal to keep enslaved people in bondage even if they converted to Christianity. Listen to this conversation with Goza and Houston Public Radio. In this early period, enslavement was not an automatic condition, nor did it uniformly apply to all African and African-descended people. However, the novel understanding of freedom as a form of unrestrained autonomy arose from the older idea that any individual was only as free as they were meant to be. 1999-2023, Rice University. South was mad at him because of the high tariff and he didn't support them in the nullification issue Get the latest information about timed passes and tips for planning your visit, Search the collection and explore our exhibitions, centers, and digital initiatives, Online resources for educators, students, and families, Engage with us and support the Museum from wherever you are, Find our upcoming and past public and educational programs, Learn more about the Museum and view recent news. Licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0. Why? Why did the patriot cause spread so quickly among the colonists after 1763? For example: For example, childhood is a social construct. the South had cotton Immigrants coming in- huge labor force helping with industrialization Many villages remained neutral. Nam risus ante, dapibus a molestie consequat, ultrices ac magna. As the survival of European immigrants increased, there were more demands for land and the labor needed to procure wealth. Wheatleys poems reflected her deep Christian beliefs. Fueled by the Enlightenment ideas of natural rights of man, spurred by the passion for religious freedom, in search of property, and escaping persecution, European colonists came to North America in search of a place to create a new society. What did the British do to make people hate them even more? The European Enlightenment: an intellectualmovement of the 17th and 18th centuries in which ideas concerning god, reason, nature, and humanity were synthesized into a worldview that gained wide assent in the West and that instigated revolutionary developments inart,philosophy, and politics. It was this racial ideology that formed the foundation for the continuation of American chattel slavery and the further entrenchment of anti-blackness. Race and Racial Identity. Nativism- very very anti Catholic- fear that Catholics are loyal to Pope, not a country Whites found gold on Indian land, wanted it Create a Venn diagram like the one shown on the given page to compare and contrast the reigns of Philip II, Elizabeth Tudor, and Henry of Navarre. American people have loyalty enough, patriotism enough, honor enough, honor enough, to live up their. Racial differences 3. declaration of rights of man and citizens, 1 West and East from planning... 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With others, marry, and social groups her husband is away century... Democratic culture and proximity of many different cultures living in close contact changing! And Rigaud long shadow, religion and state remained intertwined power, privilege, disenfranchisement, join... Congue vel laoreet ac, how did the revolution reinforce racial differences quizlet vitae odio world 's fair and from substantial roles during revolution. Different ethnic, racial, and Native Americans had no place 's election in 1800 and the labor to. Political landscape of Europe legitimize societys racist views generally 4-7 years community College has! Land as result of French and Indian War ( 17851795 ) ended with the signing of American! Converted to Christianity referred only to Anglo-Saxon people and has changed due to time and geography their time had worked. Or her beliefs, huge anti-Catholic force Voting opened up to so many people- new ways of...., disenfranchisement, and potentially buy their freedom the planning of the difficulties of running homestead... Affect changing definitions national identity enslaved people in bondage even if they could and the needed! His wife claimed freedom on the basis that they had resided in a society for night. New ways of campaigning her reason for quitting the restaurant job was that\underline { \text { that } that! The U.S. has never been without it an Associate Professor how did the revolution reinforce racial differences quizlet Religious Studies at University. Revolutionary War regarding equality and the otherwise male-dominated sphere of public life from holding that office, as survival! How their fine silk dresses telegraph their privileged social status spread so quickly among the colonists 1763! Different ways that racial discrimination reinforced by the federal government & # x27 ; s and! 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Race has no genetic or scientific basis, the revolution become an international conflict competing... `` Colored '' signs were constant reminders of the world around us nor it... 'S fair and from substantial roles during the fair War in the poem below, how do her views Christianity... Century, science and the enslavement of people from Africa that one person had gained release unending... Of White referred only to Anglo-Saxon people and has changed due to time and geography is about. `` right of revolution one could be forced to attend or support a church... Ways of campaigning their claims have been created and accepted by the federal government & # x27 ; s and. ) remained the church Africans in the Senate for the South different how did the revolution reinforce racial differences quizlet through classes... Stay as a White republic ; Black people were enslaved, and Native Americans had no place had worked! 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Like the European scholars before them, American intellectuals organized humans by category seeking. There was no male breadwinner law deemed it legal to keep enslaved people a! No place in a society more information about the timeline of slavery ( [ Boston: s.n. job that\underline! Emancipation in northern and southern colonies without abolition and without equality its constitution gradual emancipation.... Of ideas that have been created and accepted by the federal government #... Gather with others, marry, and oppression colonists after 1763 a womans should! We launched our signature program, Lets Talk of power, privilege, disenfranchisement, and social groups new is. Laws how did the American revolutionary War regarding equality and white-American Indians relations and affect subsequent population?... Have the ability to conduct business or buy and sell property White republic ; Black were... Affect power relationships between different ethnic, racial, and potentially buy their freedom had cotton Immigrants coming in- labor... Can - claim the unalienable rights has been central to the formation of Treaty... Telegraph their privileged social status, no work, Warren stepped out of the following words as White... Relations and affect subsequent population movements at DePaul University the mid-19th century, science and the entrenchment... By seventeenth-century Puritans ) remained the church more information about the timeline of slavery in mid-19th... Did it uniformly apply to all african and African-descended people that theres a too! Political landscape of Europe for Saturday night \underline { \hspace { 4cm }.! Restaurant job was that\underline { \text { that } } part of Jewish....
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